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Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Identifieur interne : 000023 ( France/Analysis ); précédent : 000022; suivant : 000024

Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data

Auteurs : Marianna Virtanen [Finlande] ; Markus Jokela [Finlande] ; Solja T. Nyberg [Finlande] ; Ida E H. Madsen [Danemark] ; Tea Lallukka [Finlande] ; Kirsi Ahola [Finlande] ; Lars Alfredsson [Suède] ; G David Batty [Royaume-Uni] ; Jakob B. Bjorner [Danemark] ; Marianne Borritz [Danemark] ; Hermann Burr [Allemagne] ; Annalisa Casini [Belgique] ; Els Clays [Belgique] ; Dirk De Bacquer [Belgique] ; Nico Dragano [Allemagne] ; Raimund Erbel [Allemagne] ; Jane E. Ferrie [Royaume-Uni] ; Eleonor I. Fransson [Suède] ; Mark Hamer [Royaume-Uni] ; Katriina Heikkil [Finlande] ; Karl-Heinz Jöckel [Allemagne] ; France Kittel [Belgique] ; Anders Knutsson [Suède] ; Markku Koskenvuo [Finlande] ; Karl-Heinz Ladwig [Allemagne] ; Thorsten Lunau [Allemagne] ; Martin L. Nielsen [Danemark] ; Maria Nordin [Suède] ; Tuula Oksanen [Finlande] ; Jan H. Pejtersen [Danemark] ; Jaana Pentti [Finlande] ; Reiner Rugulies [Danemark] ; Paula Salo [Finlande] ; Jürgen Schupp [Allemagne] ; Johannes Siegrist [Allemagne] ; Archana Singh-Manoux [Royaume-Uni, France] ; Andrew Steptoe [Royaume-Uni] ; Sakari B. Suominen [Finlande, Suède] ; Töres Theorell [Suède] ; Jussi Vahtera [Finlande] ; Gert G. Wagner [Allemagne] ; Peter J M. Westerholm [Suède] ; Hugo Westerlund [Suède] ; Mika Kivim Ki [Finlande, Royaume-Uni]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4293546

Abstract

Objective To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use.

Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data.

Data sources A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies.

Review methods The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression.

Results Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333 693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100 602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based v occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate.

Conclusions Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.


Url:
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g7772
PubMed: 25587065
PubMed Central: 4293546


Affiliations:


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PMC:4293546

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<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data</title>
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<name sortKey="Virtanen, Marianna" sort="Virtanen, Marianna" uniqKey="Virtanen M" first="Marianna" last="Virtanen">Marianna Virtanen</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Casini, Annalisa" sort="Casini, Annalisa" uniqKey="Casini A" first="Annalisa" last="Casini">Annalisa Casini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Clays, Els" sort="Clays, Els" uniqKey="Clays E" first="Els" last="Clays">Els Clays</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Bacquer, Dirk" sort="De Bacquer, Dirk" uniqKey="De Bacquer D" first="Dirk" last="De Bacquer">Dirk De Bacquer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dragano, Nico" sort="Dragano, Nico" uniqKey="Dragano N" first="Nico" last="Dragano">Nico Dragano</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Erbel, Raimund" sort="Erbel, Raimund" uniqKey="Erbel R" first="Raimund" last="Erbel">Raimund Erbel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Essen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Essen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Essen</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ferrie, Jane E" sort="Ferrie, Jane E" uniqKey="Ferrie J" first="Jane E" last="Ferrie">Jane E. Ferrie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff16">School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bristol</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fransson, Eleonor I" sort="Fransson, Eleonor I" uniqKey="Fransson E" first="Eleonor I" last="Fransson">Eleonor I. Fransson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff18">School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Jönköping</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hamer, Mark" sort="Hamer, Mark" uniqKey="Hamer M" first="Mark" last="Hamer">Mark Hamer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Heikkil, Katriina" sort="Heikkil, Katriina" uniqKey="Heikkil K" first="Katriina" last="Heikkil">Katriina Heikkil</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff19">School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tampere</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jockel, Karl Heinz" sort="Jockel, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Jockel K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Jöckel">Karl-Heinz Jöckel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff20">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Essen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Essen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Essen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kittel, France" sort="Kittel, France" uniqKey="Kittel F" first="France" last="Kittel">France Kittel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Bruxelles</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université libre de Bruxelles</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Knutsson, Anders" sort="Knutsson, Anders" uniqKey="Knutsson A" first="Anders" last="Knutsson">Anders Knutsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Sundsvall</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Koskenvuo, Markku" sort="Koskenvuo, Markku" uniqKey="Koskenvuo M" first="Markku" last="Koskenvuo">Markku Koskenvuo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" sort="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Ladwig K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Ladwig">Karl-Heinz Ladwig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff22">Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>85764 Oberschleißheim</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>85764 Oberschleißheim</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>85764 Oberschleißheim</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lunau, Thorsten" sort="Lunau, Thorsten" uniqKey="Lunau T" first="Thorsten" last="Lunau">Thorsten Lunau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nielsen, Martin L" sort="Nielsen, Martin L" uniqKey="Nielsen M" first="Martin L" last="Nielsen">Martin L. Nielsen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff23">Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nordin, Maria" sort="Nordin, Maria" uniqKey="Nordin M" first="Maria" last="Nordin">Maria Nordin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Umeå</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Oksanen, Tuula" sort="Oksanen, Tuula" uniqKey="Oksanen T" first="Tuula" last="Oksanen">Tuula Oksanen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>00250 Helsinki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pejtersen, Jan H" sort="Pejtersen, Jan H" uniqKey="Pejtersen J" first="Jan H" last="Pejtersen">Jan H. Pejtersen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff25">Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pentti, Jaana" sort="Pentti, Jaana" uniqKey="Pentti J" first="Jaana" last="Pentti">Jaana Pentti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>00250 Helsinki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rugulies, Reiner" sort="Rugulies, Reiner" uniqKey="Rugulies R" first="Reiner" last="Rugulies">Reiner Rugulies</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff26">Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Salo, Paula" sort="Salo, Paula" uniqKey="Salo P" first="Paula" last="Salo">Paula Salo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>00250 Helsinki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff27">Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Turku</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Finlande occidentale</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Turku</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schupp, Jurgen" sort="Schupp, Jurgen" uniqKey="Schupp J" first="Jürgen" last="Schupp">Jürgen Schupp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff28">German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff29">Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Free University of Berlin, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Siegrist, Johannes" sort="Siegrist, Johannes" uniqKey="Siegrist J" first="Johannes" last="Siegrist">Johannes Siegrist</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Düsseldorf</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Singh Manoux, Archana" sort="Singh Manoux, Archana" uniqKey="Singh Manoux A" first="Archana" last="Singh-Manoux">Archana Singh-Manoux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff30">Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:noRegion>Villejuif</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Steptoe, Andrew" sort="Steptoe, Andrew" uniqKey="Steptoe A" first="Andrew" last="Steptoe">Andrew Steptoe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
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<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Suominen, Sakari B" sort="Suominen, Sakari B" uniqKey="Suominen S" first="Sakari B" last="Suominen">Sakari B. Suominen</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Turku</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Finlande occidentale</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Turku</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff32">Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Gothenburg</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff33">Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Helsinki</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Theorell, Tores" sort="Theorell, Tores" uniqKey="Theorell T" first="Töres" last="Theorell">Töres Theorell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vahtera, Jussi" sort="Vahtera, Jussi" uniqKey="Vahtera J" first="Jussi" last="Vahtera">Jussi Vahtera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>00250 Helsinki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Turku</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Finlande occidentale</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Turku</orgName>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Turku University Hospital, Turku</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Turku</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Finlande occidentale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wagner, Gert G" sort="Wagner, Gert G" uniqKey="Wagner G" first="Gert G" last="Wagner">Gert G. Wagner</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff28">German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff35">Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff36">Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin University of Technology, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Westerholm, Peter J M" sort="Westerholm, Peter J M" uniqKey="Westerholm P" first="Peter J M" last="Westerholm">Peter J M. Westerholm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff37">Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Uppsala</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Uppsala</settlement>
<region nuts="1">Svealand</region>
<region nuts="1">East Middle Sweden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Westerlund, Hugo" sort="Westerlund, Hugo" uniqKey="Westerlund H" first="Hugo" last="Westerlund">Hugo Westerlund</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kivim Ki, Mika" sort="Kivim Ki, Mika" uniqKey="Kivim Ki M" first="Mika" last="Kivim Ki">Mika Kivim Ki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>00250 Helsinki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">The BMJ</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0959-8138</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1756-1833</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
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<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>
<bold>Objective</bold>
To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use.</p>
<p>
<bold>Design</bold>
Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data.</p>
<p>
<bold>Data sources</bold>
A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies.</p>
<p>
<bold>Review methods</bold>
The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression.</p>
<p>
<bold>Results</bold>
Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333 693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100 602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based
<italic>v</italic>
occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate.</p>
<p>
<bold>Conclusions</bold>
Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
<div1 type="bibliography">
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</back>
</TEI>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Belgique</li>
<li>Danemark</li>
<li>Finlande</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Suède</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Berlin</li>
<li>East Middle Sweden</li>
<li>Finlande occidentale</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
<li>Hovedstaden</li>
<li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale</li>
<li>Svealand</li>
<li>Uusimaa</li>
<li>Écosse</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Berlin</li>
<li>Bruxelles</li>
<li>Copenhague</li>
<li>Helsinki</li>
<li>Londres</li>
<li>Stockholm</li>
<li>Turku</li>
<li>Uppsala</li>
<li>Édimbourg</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>University College de Londres</li>
<li>Université d'Helsinki</li>
<li>Université d'Uppsala</li>
<li>Université d'Édimbourg</li>
<li>Université de Stockholm</li>
<li>Université de Turku</li>
<li>Université libre de Bruxelles</li>
</orgName>
</list>
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<name sortKey="Jokela, Markus" sort="Jokela, Markus" uniqKey="Jokela M" first="Markus" last="Jokela">Markus Jokela</name>
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<name sortKey="Vahtera, Jussi" sort="Vahtera, Jussi" uniqKey="Vahtera J" first="Jussi" last="Vahtera">Jussi Vahtera</name>
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